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(10) A photoinitiator or photoinitiator system (with relatively high absorption coefficients) is required to convert photolytic energy into the reactive species (radical or cation) which can drive the chain growth via radical or cationic mechanism. The strategy behind the 3D photopolymerization (also known as photocuring or photo-cross-linking) is based on using monomers/oligomers in a liquid state that can be cured/photopolymerized upon exposure to light source of specific wavelength and form thermosets. (6) To this end, this technology has opened new directions in various fields such as microfluidics, biomedical devices, soft robotics, surgery, tissue engineering, dentistry, and drug delivery. (3,5) High resolution with low feature size (in the range of micrometer) is also achievable using these techniques. (3,4) 3D photopolymerization-based techniques such as stereolithography (SLA), digital light processing (DLP), and continuous liquid interface production (CLIP) enable 3D fabrication of complex multifunctional material systems with controllable optical, chemical, and mechanical properties. (1,2) Due to the versatile polymer chemistry-related innovations, photopolymerization-based 3D printing techniques have attracted special attention from polymer chemists, material scientists, and engineers. This review also spotlights recent progress on the use of controlled living radical photopolymerization techniques (i.e., reversible addition–fragmentation chain-transfer polymerization) in 3D printing, which will pave the way for widespread growth of new generations of 3D materials with living features and possibility for postprinting modifications.ģD printing techniques (otherwise known as additive manufacturing, rapid prototyping, or layered manufacturing) were introduced during the 1980s with the aim to fabricate customized/complex objects without the need for molds or machining. Challenges that limit the use of conventional photopolymers (i.e., initiation under UV light) together with prospective solutions such as incorporation of photosensitive initiators with red-shifted absorptions are also discussed in detail. An overview of recent evolutions in the field of photopolymerization-based 3D printing and highlights of novel 3D printable photopolymers is provided herein. The strategy behind the 3D photopolymerization is based on using monomers/oligomers in liquid state (in the presence of photoinitiators) that can be photopolymerized (via radical or cationic mechanism) upon exposure to light source of different wavelengths (depending on the photoinitiator system). Among different 3D printing techniques, photopolymerization-based process (such as stereolithography and digital light processing) offers flexibility over the final properties of the 3D printed materials (such as optical, chemical, and mechanical properties) using versatile polymer chemistry.
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The development of 3D printing technologies has opened new implementations in rapid prototyping, tooling, dentistry, microfluidics, biomedical devices, tissue engineering, drug delivery, etc.
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The field of 3D printing is continuing its rapid development in both academic and industrial research environments.